What are the Q LEDs used for on this motherboard?

The Q LEDs (BOOT_LED, VGA_LED, DRAM_LED, CPU_LED) check key components (CPU, DRAM, VGA card, and booting devices) in sequence during motherboard booting. If an error is found, the corresponding LED remains lit until the problem is solved, providing a quick way to identify hardware issues.

From the official ASUS Asus Prime Z390 A Motherboard User manual, page 29

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